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UNIVERSITY EXTENSION LECTURES 



SYLLABUS 



or A 



COURSE OF SIX LECTURES 



ON 



English Writers of the Present 

Era 



1. Carlyle 3. Kingsley 5. Matthew Arnold 

2. Newman 4. Ruskin 6. Kipling 



Frederick Henry Sykes, M.A., Ph.D. 

Staff Lectueee in English Literature of the American 
Society for the Extension of University Teaching 



" The latest gospel in this world is, t6 tnow^k/ •^ot^^uddo ii."— Carlyle 




left unredressed, 
or 9, man or a woman" l«ft I'b aay I'»TJill'r«^cu'ess > that w/ong, ar> spend my life in 

the attempt."— A'iri^s^ey ' ' ■• •• ., , 

•' Life is real— not evanescrti'^nor'slinli*. ^ It does not vanish away ; every noble 
life leaves the fibre of it, forever, 'irjt]i^ >oii'; of)the world." — Ruskin 

.•3 " Who saw life steadily and saw it vr aol^.*— Matthew Arnold 



*' [We] are neither children nor gods, but men in a world of men. " 

— Uudyard Kipling 



Series J, No. S Price, 15 cents 

^•^ Copyright, 1899, by 



The American Society for the Extension of University Teaching 



"^^ M 111 South Fifteenth Street, Philadelphia, Pa 






The Class. — At the close of each lecture a class will be held for 
questions and further discussion. All are urged to attend it and to 
take an active part. The subjects discussed will ordinarily be those 
arising from the lecture of the same evening. In centres in which no 
Students' Association (see below) has been formed, the class will 
afford opportunity for the lecturer to comment on the papers sub- 
^^P- /, mitted to him. 

Tt3 1/ ''^^^ The Weekly Papers. — Every student has the privilege of writing 

and sending to the lecturer each week, while the course is in progress, 
a paper treating any theme from the lists given at the end of each 
part of the syllabus. The paper should have at the head of the first 
sheet the name of the writer and the name of the centre. Papers 
may be addressed to the lecturer, University Extension, iii South 
Fifteenth street, Philadelphia. 

The Students' Association. — Every lecture centre will be greatly 
helped in its work by the formation of a club or other body of students 
and readers desirous of getting the stimulus that working in common 
affords. This Students' Association will have its own organization and 
arrange its regular programme, if possible, both before and after as 
well as during the lecture course. The lecturer will always lend his 
help in diawing up programmes, apd, wjieo th£''i]aeeT!jqg falls on the 
day of the lefi?tnir«, w411 ^ftdoavpr tO attend ^d .ta^kfe- 'part. Much of 
the best work of * Extfellsron is being ^done, .through the Students* 
Associations. !»!*'•.*•*!*••••! **• *•* : 






The Examination. — Those stydentawjio have followed the course 
throughout will be admitted ^t thc'c^ose' Qi^ the lectures to an exami- 
nation under the direction of tiie lecturer. Each person who passes 
the examination successfully will receive from the American Society 
for the Extension of University Teaching a certificate in testimony 
thereof * * • 



I. Thomas Oariyle. 

"All true work is sacred; in all true work, even but true hand-labour, 
there is something of divineness. O brother, if this is not worship, then 
I say the more pity for worship, for this is the noblest thing yet discov- 
ered under God's sky. Who art thou who complainest of thy life of toil? 
Complain not. Look up, my wearied brother; see thy fellow workmen 
there in God's eternity; surviving there, they alone surviving; sacred 
band of the immortals, celestial body-guard of the Empire of Mankind." 
—Thomas Carlyle. 

Biographical Details. — Thomas Carlyle was born December 4, 
1795, in Ecclefechan, Annandale, first son of James Carlyle, mason and 
small farmer, and his second wife, Janet Aitken. Carlyle had the nsnal 
training of the clever Scotch boy — even peasants' son — a start at home 
from mother and father in reading and arithmetic, the village school,. 
Latin under the eye of the minister, the grammar school (Annan) for 
some French, Latin, mathematics, then the university. Carlyle went up 
(walked) to Edinburgh in November, 1809, expecting in the end to enter 
the ministry. He got some Latin, Greek, and mathematics at college, 
but he was not remarked except among his associates, to whom he 
seemed a second Dean Swift. He became mathematical tutor at Annan, 
1814, and set about qualifying for the ministry by preaching two sermons 
in Edinburgh. In 1816 he went to Kirkcaldy to teach, became intimate 
there with Irving, then also a schoolmaster. There he abandoned his 
orthodox -sdews and all thoughts of the ministry. In 1819 he began the 
study of law, but it was soon given up. Dyspepsia seized on him. His 
"three most miserable years " follow, in which hackwork and tutoring 
keep him alive. The ' ' spiritual new birth ' ' described in Sartor, is an 
autobiographic fragment of this period. His study of German revealed to 
him a master in Goethe. For some years Carlyle acted as tutor to Charles 
and Arthur Buller, which took him to London. His literary work, 
passing over articles for encyclopaedias and translations of Goethe's Wil- 
helm Meister and Legendre's geometry, was fairly begun by his Life of 
Schiller. In 1826 Carlyle married Jane "Welsh, "the flower of Hadding- 
ton", a marriage not without its mutual affection and happiness and 
comradeship, likewise not without its heartburnings and explosions and 
human discontent. They lived at Edinburgh, then at Craigenputtock, 
1828 to 1834, where in the quiet of a remote country house Carlyle 
forged his intellect to its best uses. Sartor Besartus and many of the 
essays belong to this period. In May, 1834, he went to London, soon 
renting No. 5 (now 24) Cheyne Row, Chelsea, his abode till death. The 
French Bevolution, begun there the year of his arrival, was finished in 
1837, and its publication marks the turn of the tide of fortune. His 



articles were accepted in magazines. He lectured publicly, the most im- 
portant course ( 1840) being published as Hero- Worship . Friends gathered 
about him — Stirling, F. D. Maurice, Tennyson, Macready, Dickens, 
Thackeray. His interest in present politics in critical times is marked 
by Chartism, 1839, Past and Present, 1843, Latter-day Pamphlets, 1850. 
Meanwhile five years of work had been put into the Life and Letters of 
Oliver Cromivell, 1845, which " established his position as a leader of lit- 
erature." The admirable life of Stirling belongs to 1851. In 1857 he 
entered "the valley of the shadow of Frederick'', and after fourteen 
years of labour mostly spent in his ''sound-proof '' room, Frederick //.was 
coinx)leted (i., ii., 1858 ; iii., 1862; iv., 1864 ; v., vi., 1865). Carlyle 
was elected rector of the University of Edinburgh, but " the perfect tri- 
umph " of his reception was almost immediately darkened by the death 
of his wife, April 21, 1866. Carlyle's final years were clouded by this 
loss. The writing of his reminiscences and the preparation of the Letters 
of Jane Welsh Carlyle were the last works of his hand. His death was on 
February 4, 1881. He was buried, according to his wdsh, in the kirk- 
yard of his father at Ecclefechan. 

The best brief article on Carlyle's life is that of Sidney Lee, in the Dic- 
tionary of National Biography. An excellent brief account of the man and his 
-work is afforded by Dr. Gamett's ^^Life of Thomas Carlyle ( "Great Writers " 
;series : London, Walter Scott) ; John Nichol's Thomas Carlyle ( ' * English 
.Men of Letters '' series) ; Professor Masson, Carlyle Personally and in his 
Writings. For other memoirs by Wylie, Conway, Nicoll, Larkin, Shep- 
lierd, etc., see Anderson's bibliography appended to Dr. Garnett's book. 
The ultimate sources are Carlyle's Beminiscences ; Froude's Thomas Carlyle 
(first 40 years) and Thomas Carlyle (life in London); Letters and Memorial 
of Jane Welsh Carlyle ; Correspondence of Carlyle and Emerson ; his Letters, 
edited by Professor Norton. Interesting details of Carlyle localities are 
given in Homes and Haunts of Thomas Carlyle, ' ' Westminster Gazette 
Library," and The Carlyles' Chelsea Home, by Reginald Blunt. 

The authorized publishers of Carlyle are Chapman and Hall, who have 
his chief works in a convenient and very inexpensive form. Their Cen- 
tenary edition (New York: Scribners, $1.25 per vol.) is admirable. 
There is a Bibliography of Carlyle, by R. H. Shepherd, London, 1881 ; 
see also Anderson, above. 

Lectuee. 

I. Formative Jnfluences. Ecclefechan, the Entepfuhl of Sartor, de- 
scribed. The Carlyles, "fighting masons of Ecclefechan"; shrewd 

J University Extension students would do well to procure for themselves copies of 
books marked ** and possibly those marked *. The University Extension library for 
this course will contain the most important works of reference. 



sense, native integrity and piety of Carlyle's father; sensitiveness of 
his mother. The Scotch family life — belief in education, hopes and 
sacrifices for the clever son. Hebraic cast of Scotch Calvinism, Carlyle 
owed much to his father and to Ecclefechan both in his powers and his 
limitations. Debt to Goethe and Fichte. Yet he made himself. His "fire- 
baptism " was in Leith Walk ; the forging of the man at Craigenputtock. 
Carlyle united many gifts in strongly accentuated form : an intense indi- 
viduality, egoism, by which he reached a fresh view of things and a fresh 
style; idealism, yet with a deep sense of actuality, which emphasized the 
deed and the doer; belief in the divine within man and without; hence, 
reverence before the mysterious universe and human life; keenness of 
vision and marvellous powers of expression ; humour and tenderness ; gro- 
tesqueness growing toward coarseness; rugged strength united with 
fervid poetic imagination; a seer rather than a scholar; narrowness of 
sympathy, especially in the fine arts ; ' a Calvinist without a creed ", 
standing prophet-like amidst a despised civilization. 

II. Tlie key to Carlyle's nature is Sartor Besartus. Faith, duty, God — the 
Puritan ideal, stript of its theology. Its negative side, hatred of cant 
and sham. The "clothes-philosophy ". Swift and Byron compared as 
satirists of life. The gospel of work ; its sacredness and dignity. Car- 
lyle's love of actuality, of significant fact, illustrated in the essays on 
Burns, Johnson, Goethe. Dry-as-dust industry in search of such fact, in 
CromwelVs Letters and Speeches, and imaginative interpretation of it in 
terms of life. Vindication of Carlyle's ethical position and method in 
his rehabilitation of Cromwell. Limitations of his view of history in 
French Revolution. Carlyle's hero-worship: make the divine prevail. 
What is the divine within man and without ? * ' This world is built, not 
on falsehood and jargon, but on truth and reason." The mission of the 
hero in human affairs, to see truth and proclaim it. Frederick. Contrast 
with the mission of industrialism, democracy, and the ballot-box. Chart- 
ism, Latter-day Pamphlets. Carlyle and the Eternities and Immensities; 
his transcendentalism. Reverence for the unseen divine, the eternal 
background of this little transient life. 

III, Limitations to Carlyle's vieio of life, politics, history. His Puritan 
ideal, reliance on intuition, subjective prepossessions. Inconsistencies of 
preaching and practice. His historical method rejected by the histo- 
rians, his sociology by the economists. Do these limitations vitiate his 
position as the greatest intellectual force of the era ? " A moral force of 
great importance " (Goethe), the chief stimulus in a lethargic, utilitarian 
age. His work also effective through others — Tennyson, Euskin, Kingsley. 
A liberalizing force, a solvent of dogma and conventions. His gospel of 
duty, work, God, sets up no low standard of living. Literature, howeverj 
claims him in the main. 



IV. Characteristics as a writer. Eye for detail; unexcelled in land- 
scape, unequalled in human portraiture. Force, burning and impas- 
sioned as the prophet's fire. Humour of the grotesque Swiftian sort, 
from the depths of life. Tenderness, especially in simple human relation- 
ships. Sublimity at times. Fervid imagination; faculty of imagery. 
Working essentially in the sphere of emotion, Carlyle is one of the great- 
est of poets. His style is not imitated from the German but in the main 
self-evolved. Its faults of mannerisms, lack of restraint, but in clarity, 
directness, force, a wonderful instrument of genius, an image of the man 
himself. 

Illustrations. The illustrations of the lecture will include scenes of 
Carlyle's boyhood, Ecclefechan, Annan, etc. ; Edinburgh, Craigenputtock, 
London, 6, Cheyne Row; and portraits of Carlyle, his wife, and his 
friends. 

Critical Studies. Criticism of Carlyle is voluminous. The following 
works are representative: J. R. Lowell, My Study Windows; E. W. Hamley, 
TJiomas Carlyle, an Essay (Blackwood, 1881); David Masson, Carlyle, 
Personally and in his Writings (Macmillan, 1885) ; Carlyle's Ethics, Leslie 
Stephen, in Hours in a Library, iii. (Smith, Elder, 1892) ; llodern Human- 
ists, J. M. Robertson (Swan Sonnenschein, 1891); R. H. Hutton, Modern 
Guides of English Thought (Macmillan, 1887); Carlyle' s Place in Literature, 
Frederic Harrison, Forum, 1895. 

Student Work. 

The following are representative readings: ** Sartor Besartus; Essays 
Burns and Characteridics; Lattcr-Day Pamphlets; Life of Stirling; French 
Eevolution, Pt. I ("The Bastille"). Excellent cheap editions are pub- 
lished by Chapman, Hall. The Athenseum Press edition of Sartor is 
recommended (Boston: Ginn and Co.). 

The University Extension examination requires candidates to prepare 
the Sartor and any other one of the selections above. 

Essays and Studies: (1) Sketch Carlyle's boyhood (cf. Sartor and Be^ni- 
niscences). (2) "Blumine,"in Sartor, a study of the episode and its 
original. (3) Write a summary, with a criticism, of Carlyle's essay, 
Characteristics. (4) Summarize and compare Carlyle's essay on Burns 
with Mr. Henley's. (5) Explain and illustrate Carlyle's gospel of Hero- 
worship.' (6) What aspects of Carlyle may be described as Liberal, as 
Radical ? (7) In what respects was Carlyle anti-democratic ? (8) Re- 
port briefly Masson's lecture on Carlyle's Creed. (Carlyle Personally and in 
his Writings, .TNIacmillan, 1885.) (9) ^^ The French Bevolution is usually, 
and yery properly, spoken of and thought of as a prose poem, if prose poem 
there can be. It has the essential character of an epic, short of rhythnj 
and versification." — Frederic Harrison. Put forward grounds for this 



opinion. (10) Give, with brief illustrations, the special characteristics 
of Carlyle's style, as respects diction and structure of sentence. (11) 
Studies of Carlyle's style as respects (a) Force, (6) Humour, (c) Tender- 
ness. (12) A study of the character and genius of Jane Welsh 
Carlyle. 

Critical Comments. 

In General. "Towards England no man has been and done like you." 
— Stirling's last letter to Carlyle. 

As Thinker. *' As a thinker he judges by intuition instead of calcula- 
tion. In history he tries to see the essential facts stripped of the glosses 
of pedants; in politics to recognize the real forces marked by constitu- 
tional mechanism; in philosophy to hold to the living spirit untram- 
melled by the dead letter." — Leslie Stephen, Dictionary of National 
Biography, ix., 125. 

" A teacher without grasp even of his own teaching, a life-long preacher 
of contradictions, a prophet with a gospel of shreds and patches." — John 
M. Robertson, Modern Humanists, p. 22. 

Effect of his Work. * ' The merits of a preacher must be estimated 
rather by his stimulus to thought than by the soundness of his conclu- 
sions. Measured by such a test, Carlyle was unapproached in his day. 
He stirred the mass of readers rather by antagonism than sympathy ; but 
his intense moral convictions, his respect for realities, and his imagina- 
tive grasp of historical facts give unique value to his writings." — Leslie 
Stephen, Dictionary of National Biography, ix. , 125. 

* * He may be the greatest mannerist of his age while denouncing con- 
ventionalism — the greatest talker while eulogizing silence — the most 
woeful complainer while glorifying fortitude — the most uncertain and 
stormy in mood while holding forth serenity as the greatest good within 
the reach of man; but he has none the less infused into the mind of the 
English nation sincerity, earnestness, healthfulness, and courage." — 
Harriet Martineau, Autobiography, i., 387. 

As Man of Letters. ' ' If his position as the greatest English man of 
letters of the century in prose be disputed, it will generally be found 
that the opposition is due to some not strictly literary cause, while it is 
certain that any competitor who is set up can be dislodged by a fervent 
and well-equipped Carlylian without very much difficulty. . . . The 
diathesis is there — the general disposition toward noble and high things. 
The expression is there — the capacity of putting what is felt and meant 
in a manner always contemptuous of mediocrity, yet seldom disdainful 
of common sense. To speak on the best things in an original way, in a 
distinguished style, is the privilege of the elect in literature. ' ' — Saints- 
bury, XIX Century Literature, pp. 237, 240. 



His Style. "He confounds all styles, jumbles all forms, heaps together 
Pagan allusions, Bible reminiscences, German abstractions, technical 
terms, poetry, slang, mathematics, physiology, archaic words, nealogies. 
There is nothing he does not tread down and ravage. The symmetrical 
constructions of human art and thought, dispersed and upset, are piled 
under his hands into a vast mass of shapeless ruins, from the top of which 
he gesticulates and fights like a conquering savage." — Taine, English 
Literature, Iv., 291. 

** Of Carlyle's literary genius . . . his supremacy is attested by the 
fact that he is one of the very few in whose hands language is wholly 
flexible and fusible. . . . Shelley works his will with language grace- 
fully, as one guides a spirited steed: Carlyle with convulsive effort, as 
one hammers a red-hot bar." — Richard Garnett, Life of Thomas Carlyle^ 
p. 175. 



n. John Henry, Cardinal Newman. 

" Yet there is one I more affect 

Than Jesuit, Hermit, Monk, or Friar, 
'Tis an old man of sweet aspect, 
I love him more, I more admire. . . 

He comes, by grace of his address, 

By the sweet music of his face, 
And his low tones of tenderness, 

To melt a noble, stubborn race." 

" Thou didst impart 

Thy lessons of the hidden life. 
And discipline of heart." 

— John Henry Newman, from poems on St. Philip Neri, 

Biographical Details. — John Henry Newman was born in London, 
February 21, 1801, eldest son of John Newman, banker, and Jemima 
Fourdrinier, daughter of a Huguenot paper manufacturer of London. He 
went to school at Ealing, read with passionate interest Scott, the Bible, 
Law's Serious Call and Milner's Church History. Entered Trinity College, 
Oxford, gained a scholarship, and graduated B. A. without distinction 
in 1820. Intended for the Bar. He won a fellowship at Oriel in 1822, 
"a turning point in his life.'' The same year Pusey was elected fellow 
o± Oriel. In 1824 Newman became curate of St. Clement's Church, 
Oxford. Successive appointments mark his rising influence — vice-prin- 
cipal of St. Alban's Hall, tutor of Oriel, university examiner, vicar of 
St. Mary's (the university church of Oxford). His first real work was 
the Avians of the Fourth Century, published in 1833. Breaks with the 
Evangelical party, visits Italy and Sicily with Hurrell Froude — wrote the 
poems of the Lyra Apostolica (e. g., "Lead, kindly Light "). Eeturning 
to England 1833, he found Liberalism had suppressed ten Irish bishop- 
rics and was threatening the English Church. Keble preached the sermon 
on National Apostasy, and a movement to defend the Church was begun. 
Newman, Froude, Palmer, Perceval, Eose were its chief members. In 
1835 Dr. Pusey joined it and gave it status. They believed in Anglo- 
Catholicism. Newman's writings from 1834 to 1839 were expositions of 
this now generally accepted view. The influence of his sermons and writ- 
ings and personality was supreme in Oxford. In 1841, publishing the 
ninetieth of the Tracts for the TimeSy he aimed to show that the Thirty-nine 
Articles of the Prayer Book * ' do not oppose Catholic teaching ; they but 
partially oppose Roman dogma; they for the most part oppose the domi- 



Bant errors of Eome." The gathering storm burst. Newman withdrew to 
his Littlemore monastery, to study and meditation. In 1843 he retracted 
his hard sayings of Rome, in 1845 he joined the Roman Catholic Church. 
He went to Oscott, to Rome, whence he returned to found in England 
the institute of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri. In the Oratory, first in 
Alcester Street, then in Edgbaston, Birmingham, he spent almost all the 
remaining years of his life, preaching and lecturing and writing with 
wonderful power. In 1854-58 he was rector of the Catholic University 
in Dublin, which did not live (cf. The Idea of a University). In 1859 he 
established a school for Roman Catholic boys at Edgbaston. In 1864 
began the controversy with Charles Kingsley that ended in the history of 
his religious opinions, called Apologia pro Vita Sua, a work which showed 
an entirely sincere and admirable character. In 1874 he had the con- 
troversy with Gladstone respecting the Vatican Decrees and civil alle- 
giance. In 1879 he was made cardinal. He died August 11, 1890, and 
was buried in the burial place of the Oratorians at Rednal . 

A brief but admirable account of Newman's life is written by W. S. . 
Lee in the Dictionary of National Biography, vol. xl. Short monographs 
of value are H. J. Jennings, Cardinal Newman: the Story of His Life, (Lon- 
don: Simpkin, Marshall, 1882); W. Meynell, John Henry Newman, (Lon- 
don: Kegan Paul); J. S. Fletcher, A Short Life of Cardinal Newman, 
(London: Ward and Downey, 1890); John Oldcastle, Cardinal Newman, 
(in Merry England, October, 1890). The final authorities are Newman's 
Apologia pro Vita Sua and Letters and Correspondence, ed. by Anne Mozley. 

Newman's works are published in a popular collected edition in thirty 
volumes, London and New York: Longmans (90 cents). This edition is 
recommended for students of prescribed reading below, **Apologia, 
** Poems, *^Callista, *Loss and Gain. 

Lecture. 

I. Religious Conditions about 1830. Reaction from the Revolution 
meant lethargy ; lack of spirituality every where in the Church; utilitari- 
anism in ethics. New streams of life ; the Romantic movement in literature 
emphasized the inner life (Wordsworth, Byron) and loved the past 
( mediae valism of Scott, Keats); the liberal and democratic movement 
resumed its vitality, giving hope of a new era by means of political 
changes (Reform Bill, 1832). One aspect of this liberal movement was to 
secure justice for Roman Catholics against the Establishment by Catholic 
emancipation and the suppression of superfluous Irish sees. Science was 
operating against tradition ; the founding of the British Association for the 
Advancement of Science, 1832, a cause of disquiet in the Church. Thus, 
out of fears among members of the Establishment concerning science, 
democracy, liberalism, dissent, arises the Oxford Movement. The accepted 



sfearting point Keble's sermon on National Apostasy, in St. Mary's Church, 
Oxford, July 14, 1833. 

II. Neiomari's Pers mality and Training. Heredity explains little save 
his love of music. Early training was religious, evangelical, he knew the 
Bible by heart, was superstitious, imaginative ; converted, in the evangel- 
ical school, at the age of fifteen; early devotion of himself to the single life. 
Oxford brings new influence from Dr. Hawkins, the Eev. William Jones, 
and Dr. Whately — each giving some distinct impress on his principles of 
religion — baptism, tradition, apostolic succession, probability, the Church 
as a substantive, not an abstract, body. His evangelical position was 
abandoned. Newman as preacher in the University Church of St. Mary's 
was the greatest force and most fascinating personality of his time. 

III. The Men of the Oxford Ilovement: John Keble (1792-1866) gave the 
poetry and spirituality; Hurrell Froude (1803-1836) the strong bent to 
medigsval usages; Edward Bouverie Pusey (1800-1882), the learning and 
prestige of the movement; Newman was its apostle. Aims: to oppose 
liberalism and conserve the Church ; to reassert the substantive view of 
the Church, its custody of truth, its sacraments; hence the new term of 
the Anglo-Catholic Church. ' ' Newman was the founder of the Anglican 
Church as it now is." — {I7ie Guardian.) The progress of the movement 
viewed in Newman's theological positions. The momentous scene of his 
conversion to the Roman communion at Littlemore, 1845. Newman's life 
at the Oratory of St. Philip Neri, Edgbaston. 

IV. Literary Aspects of Newman's Work. Brief statement of his mind, 
beliefs and sympathies : supremacy of dogma, subordination to his own 
logic, reactionary view of modern life. His interests centre in aspects of 
belief, in the practical forms presented by the times; in problems of the 
individual soul not in problems of society. Illustrations from his sermons. 
As a preacher comparable with Bossuet. Newman had the power of vital 
treatment of theological dogma, as in Apologia pro Vita Sua — " the drama 
of a soul;" logic is here invested with the fascination of plot. Style lucid, 
reserved, direct, powerful — a classic style among English prose writers. 
Newman's serious poetry is almost entirely religious. It has manifest 
limitations in scope and rhythm and imagery compared with Miss 
Rossetti's religious verse; 77^6 Pillar of the Cloud (" Lead, kindly Light") 
an exception. The Dream of Gerontius his chief effort as a poet. Consider- 
ation of his tales Loss and Gain and Callista; intrusion of the didactic 
purpose; faults of construction; the theologian's view of life. Newman 
is not a great man of letters, either as poet, essayist, or novelist; his great- 
ness lies in his practical life, in his personality as a spiritual leader, 
walking before God and following unswervingly the truth as he saw it. 

Illustrations. The illustrations will present the chief places with which 
Newman was associated: Oxford — Trinity College and Oriel College, St. 



Mary's, etc.; Littlemore — Church and //oviy; Birmingham — the Oratory, 
Edgbaston, etc.; as well as portraits of Newman and his associates in 
the Oxford Movement. 

In addition to the biographical studies cited above the following books 
and essays are of chief value. Church, Oxford Movement; Oakeley, Notes 
on the Tractaria7i Movement; Froude, Short Studies on Great Subjects^ Fourth 
Series; Joseph Jacobs, George Eliot, 3Iatthew Arnold, Browning, Newman; 
A. Birrell, Scrilner' s, vol. 3; C. K. Paul, Century, vol. 2; W. S. Lilly, Fort- 
nightly, vols. 32, 54; H. Goodwin, Contemporary, vol. CI; Yv". Meynell, 
lb., vol. 53; portraits in Art Journal, vol. 43, (1891) ; L. E. Gates. Tliree 
Studies in Literature (Macmillan). 

Student Woek. 

Newman can be best approached through his ^^^^oZo^'ia, which is anad- 
'^irable key to his life and his beliefs, as well as one of the most im- 

rtant of autobiographies. The same theme is the basis of the tale ^Loss 
and Gain, if one prefers the popular and weaker exposition. For a 
notion of his sermons read a few of the Parochial Sermons; Professor 
Saintsbury singles out Tlie Individuality of the Soul (vol. iv. No. 6), for 
especial praise. The *Idea of a University is his most representative vol- 
ume of a literary historical kind. Newman's poetry is on the whole of 
slight extent. **The poems on St. Philip Neri, Pillar of the Cloud, Dream 
of Gerontius are representative. *^Callista should be read as Newman's 
best venture into pure prose literature. 

The best edition of these for students' purposes is that of Longmans 
mentioned above. 

The University Extension examination on this course will confine 
questions on Newman to the parts marked **. 

Essays and Studies. The following themes are suggested for essays, 
studies, or reports: (1) Newman's conception of the Church of Christ. 
(2) Newman's position as the opponent of liberalism. (3) Newman as a 
preacher. (4) Analysis of Loss and Gain. Is it a tale? (5) A study of 
The Pillar of the Cloud; its composition, purport, and poetic value. (6) A 
study of The Dream of Gerontius. (7) A study of the characters Agel- 
lius and Callista. (8) A comparison of Newman and Kingsley, based on 
Callista and Hypatia. 

Critical Comments. 

The Man. " He was above middle height, slight and spare. His 
head was large, his face remarkably like that of Julius Cajsar. The fore- 
head, the shape of the ears and nose were almost the same. The lines of 
the mouth were very peculiar, and I should say exactly the same. In 
both men there was an original force of character, which refused to be 
moulded by circumstances, which was to make its way, and become a 



power in the world; a clearness of intellectnal perception, a disdain for 
conventionalities, a temper imperious and wilful, but along with it a 
most attaching gentleness, sweetness, singleness of heart and purpose. 
Both were formed by nature to command others; both had the faculty of 
attracting to themselves the passionate devotion of their friends and fol- 
lowers." — J. A. Froude, "The Oxford Counter-Eeformation, " Short 
StMics on Great Subjects, Fourth Series, p. 192. 

His 3Iission. ' * A shy Oxford student has come out on its behalf [of "a 
dying creed"] into the field of controversy, armed with the keenest 
weapons of modern learning and philosophy ; and wins illustrious con- 
verts, and has kindled hopes that England herself, the England of Eliza- 
beth and Cromwell, will kneel for absolution again before the Father of 
Christendom.'' — Froude, ib., p. 190. 

' ' His history .... is the history of the famous thing called the 
Oxford Movement, which changed the intellectual as well as the ecclesi- 
astical face of England. ' ' — Saintsbury, XIX. Century Literature, p. 365. 

The Preacher. ** There are hardly any passages in English literature 
which have exceeded in beauty the descriptions of music, in his Univer- 
sity sermons; the descriptions of the sorrows of human life in his sermon, 
on the pool of Bethesda; the description of Elijah on Mount Horeb; or, 
again, in the discourses addressed to mixed congregations: ' The Arrival 
of St. Peter as a Missionary in Rome;' the description of Dives as an ex- 
ample of a self-indulgent voluptuary ; the account of the Agony in the 
Garden of Gethsemane, and of the growth in the belief in the Assumption 
of the "Virgin Mary." — Dean Stanley. 

Literary Aspects. " What Father Newman did in life and letters is of 
quite subordinate interest to the spiritual career of the Fellow of Oriel. 

His true sphere was in action, not in thought or literature He 

was born to lead men It was by personal intercourse that he 

sought to move the world, and did move it He did influence 

the(ir) actions [of men], but, as a consequence, most of what he wrote 
has in reality died with its practical effect, and of his forty volumes but 
a few sermons, * Lead, kindly Light ' — the one hymn of our language — 
the Apologia^ and perhaps The Idea of a University^ will form permanent 
additions to English literature." — Jacobs, George Eliot, etc. 



I. Charles Kingsley. 

"Forward! Hark, forward's the cry! 
One more fence and we're out on the open, 
So to us at once, if you want to live near us! 
Hark to them, ride to them, beauties! as on they go, 
.Leaping and sweeping away in the vale below! 
iCowards and bunglers, whose heart or whose eye is sIott, 
JFind themselves staring alone. 

So the great cause flashes by; 
Nearer and clearer its purposes open, 
"While louder and prouder the world-echoes cheer us: 
Gentlemen sportsmen, you ought to live up to us. 
Lead us and lift us, and hallo our game to us— 
We cannot call the hounds off, and no shame to us. 

Don't be left staring alone!" 

—Charles Kingsley. 

BlOGEAPHiCAL DETAILS.— Charles Kingsley was born June 12, 1819, 
at Holne, Devon. He was the eldest son of the Rev. Charles Kingsley, 
successively curate in the Fens, at Holne, Burton-on-Trent, and Clifton, 
Notts., and rector of Barnack, Clovelly, and St. Luke's, Chelsea. His 
mother, born in Barbados, was daughter of Nathan Lucas. Kingsley 's 
younger brothers achieved fame — George Henry as a physician and trav- 
eller, Henry as a novelist. Kingsley was educated at Clifton (near Bris- 
tol) and Helston, Cornwall, then at King's College, London, and Magda- 
lene College, Cambridge. He met his future wife, Fanny Grenfell, on 
July 6, 1839, ''my real wedding-day." He came under the influence of 
the writings of Coleridge, Carlyle, F. D. Maurice. In 1842 he took his B. 
A., was ordained, and became curate at Eversley, Hampshire. Curate of 
Pimperne. Married, 1844. Vicar of Eversley, 1844 ; an indefatigable 
parish worker. He published The Sainfs Tragedy, 1848. Joined Maurice, 
Hughes, Ludlow, and others in founding the Christian Socialist move- 
ment; wrote papers in Politics for the People, 1848, under the signature of 
*' Parson Lot," and in the Christian Socialist, 1850. The novels, Yeast, 
1848, and Alton Locke, 1850, belong to the same period of social ferment. 
His views unpopular. Lectured for a short time in English in Queen's 
College, London. In 1853 he published Hypatia. Visiting Torquay, his 
love of natural history led him to compose the articles later called 
Glaucus; at Bideford he wrote his fourth novel, Wesiivard Ho !, 1855. His 
fifth novel, Too Years Ago, appeared in 1857. Appointed one of the 
Queen's chaplains, 1859. Lectured on Modern History in Cambridge, 
1860-69. Water Babies, 1863. Controversy with Newman, 1864. Health 
henceforth impaired. Helped in the movement for national schools. 



Hereward the Wake, 1866, is a novel of the Fen country he loved. At 
Last, 1870, is descriptive of his voyage to the West Indies. Canon of 
Chester, 1869; canon of Westminster, 1873. Visited America, and, of 
course, lectured, 1S74. Died January 23, 1875; was buried at Eversley. 
The autlioritative life of Kingsley is Charles Kingsley: His Letters and 
Memories of His Life. (Edited by his wife. Two vols. London : H. S. 
King, 1877). An abbreviated edition of this is published in one volume 
(6s.). The article on Kingsley in the Dictionary of National Biography 
gives the main facts in concise form. There are various memoirs: by 
Thomas Hughes, prefixed to Alton Locke, ed. 1881, (Macmillan); by Dr. 
Rigg, prefixed to Modern Anglican Tlieology, 3d ed,, (London: Wesleyan 
Conference Office) ; by the Rev. J. J. Ellis, Charles Kingsley, (London: 
Nisbet and Co.). 

Lecture. 

I. Formative Influences. (1) Heredity — Kingsleys of Kingsley Vale, 
ancestry of soldiers and sailors ; mother a descendant of Sir Richard Gren- 
ville; (2) natural scenery of Devon and the Fens; intercourse with Devon 
fishermen; (3) influence of Carlyle and Maurice; (4) the times — social 
unrest, Chartism, religious change; (5) his religious training, practical 
ethical bent. Summary of his personal characteristics: physical strength, 
delight in out-of-door life, love of nature as poet and artist and scientist; 
chivalrous devotion to woman; impulsive, generous, disinterested, rest- 
less, over-energetic; "devout, truthful, tender, brave, a God-fearing, 
Christ-loving, perfectly humane, whole reality of a man." — (Dr. Rigg.) 

II. Tlie Versatility of Kingsley. Clergyman, economist, novelist, scien- 
tist, historian, poet, sportsman. The consequent mediocrity of much of 
his work. Religious and political views, Christianity ' ' the only demo- 
cratic creed," "Muscular Christianity," The attempt of Maurice, 
Hughes, Kingsley and others to Christianize socialism ; co-operation not 
competition their watchword. Kingsley as preacher of the practical 
duties of humanity: sanitary reform, parliamentary reform (Chartism), 
social reform. His fiery indignation at the waste of life in modern civili- 
zation. Expression of his views in Yeasty Alton Locke, Two Years Ago. 
Influence of Kingsley 's work on movements of to-day. 

III. Treatment of Nature. Love of out-of-doors. Fishing, botany, 
mineralogy ; keen eye for colour and form in detail. Hence the descrip- 
tions of hunting scenes and the natural beauty of Devon and the Fens 
in Prose Idylls and in Hereward the Wake and other novels. Love of chil- 
dren in Water Babies. 

IV. Of Life. Versatility limited Kingsley's greatness in every particular 
aspect of his genius. Position as a novel-writer, second only to the 
greatest. Didacticism the chief flaw ; instances in Alton Locke and Two 



Tears Ago. Yeast, formless and chaotic, is the book of the time. Hypatia 
and Westward Ho! best satisfy the demands of art. Kingsley is always 
effective in his treatment of nature and scenes of action. His work offers 
many illustrations of the true relations of man and woman. An ideal 
hero in Amyas Leigh. Kingsley 's nature on the whole is poetic; in some 
poems he has touched chords scarcely less passionately and less sweetly 
than Bums and Tennyson. 

The Illustrations to this lecture will show the chief places associated 
with Kingsley's life in childhood and manhood; Cornish and Devon 
scenes; Cambridge and the Fen country; Chester and the Dee; Eversley 
and Westminster Abbey. 

Critical Studies, Kingsley's theological position is discussed by Dr. 
lligg in Modern Anglican Theology, his social theories by the Eev, M. 
Kaufinann, Charles Kingsley: Christian Socialist and Social Reformer. (Lon- 
don: Methuen and Co., 1892); and the Eev. Dr. C. W. Stubbs, Charles 
Kingsley and the Christian Social Movement (London: Blackie and Son). 
See also Thomas Hughes, The Christian Socialists of 184S, in the Economic 
Beview, October, 1893, and Vida Scudder, Social Ideals in English Letters 
(Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co.). 

General essays more especially concerned with Kingsley as writer are by: 
Leslie Stephen, Hours in a Library, vol. iii, "Charles Kingsley" 
(London: Smith, Elder and Co. ) ; Frederic Harrison, in the Forum, July, 
1895. 

A complete edition of Kingsley's works is issued by the Macmillan 
Company in twenty-nine volumes (90 cents per volume). The same pub- 
lishers issue cheaper editions. The following are the cheaper forms of 
the representative works: '^'^ Poems and ** TFafer ^a&tes, Pocket ed. (57 
cents), Novels, American ed. (70 cents). All of the novels can also be 
had in the Pocket edition for 57 cents per volume, Westward Ho! and Two 
Years Ago each being published in two volumes. There are many paper 
editions at even smaller prices. The English** 6d. (paper), Is. (bound) 
edition is admirable (Macmillan). 

Student Woek. 

Readings. The representative literary works of Kingsley are: 1. (a) 
Social Novels: Yeast and Alton Locke; (b) Two Years Ago; (c) Historical 
Novels: Hypatia and Westward Ho! 2. Water Babies. 3. Poems — 
Andromeda, *'0h, that we two were Maying'' (in Tlie Sainfs Tragedy), 
A Rough Rhyme on a Rough flatter (in Yeast), The Sands of Dee, The Three 
Fishers, Ode to the North-East Wind, Young and Old (in Water Babies), Bal- 
lad, "Lorraine, Lorraine, Lorr^e." 

Students reading for the University Extension examination in this 
course are required to prepare at least one novel, Water Babies, and the 



selected poems. They will familiarize themselves as well with the broad 
ontlines of Kingsley's life. 

Themes for Essays and Studies. (1) Kingsley's position toward Chartism 
as expressed in Alton Locke. (2) The meaning of Christian Socialism as 
used by Maurice, Hughes, and Kingsley. (3) Kingsley's interest in sci- 
ence as shown in Two Years Ago. (4) Kingsley's descriptions of Natnre 
{Yeast, Westward Ho! and Prose Idylls). (5) An appreciation of Water 
Babies, bringing out any characteristics of Kingsley contained in it. 
(6) Studies of Kingsley's men: Lancelot Smith, Tregarva, Alton Locke, 
Sandy Mackaye, Philammon, Raphael Aben-Ezra, Amyas Leigh, Elsley 
Vavasour, Tom Thurnall, Hereward. (7) Studies of Kingsley's women: 
Argemone Lavington, Eleanor Staunton, Hypatia, Pelagia, Mrs. Leigh, 
Lucia Vavasour, Torfrida, Alftruda. (8) Studies in Kingsley's poetry: 
Kingsley's Songs ; Andromeda. (9) Kingsley's philosophy in My Winter- 
Garden {Prose Idylls). 

Cbitical Comments. 

The Man. '* His whole life flashed through one's thoughts. One 
remembered the young Curate and the Sainfs Tragedy; the Chartist par- 
son and Alton Locke; the happy poet and the Sands of Dee; the brilliant 
novel-writer and Hypatia and Westward Ho!; the Rector of Evers- 
ley and his Village Sermons; the beloved professor at Cambridge, the 
busy Canon at Chester, the jwwerful preacher at Westminster Abbey. 
One thought of him by the Berkshire chalk streams, and on the Devonian 
coast, watching the beauty and wisdom of Nature, reading her solemn 
lessons, chuckling, too, over her inimitable fun. One saw him in town- 
alleys, preaching the Gospel of godliness and cleanliness, while smoking 
his pipe with soldiers and navvies. One heard him in drawing-rooms, 
listened to with patient silence till one of his vigorous or quaint speeches 
bounded forth never to be forgotten. How children delighted in him! 
How wild young men believed in him and obeyed him, too! How women 
were captivated by his chivalry, older men by his genuine humility and 
8ymi)athy." — F. Max Miiller, in Letters and Memories, ii, 460 f. 

The Teacher. " Scholar, poet, novelist, he yet felt himself to be, with 
all and before aU, a spiritual teacher and guide. . . . Amidst all the 
wavering inconsistency of our time, he called upon the men of his gen- 
eration with a steadfastness and assured conviction that of itself steadied 
and reassured the minds of those for whom he spoke, to * stand fast in 
the faith.* " — A. P. Stanley, Funeral Sermon, Westminster Abbey, Jan- 
uary 31, 1875. 

7%e Socialist. * ' Kingsley's sentiment was thoroughly in harmony with 
the class of squires and country clergymen, who required in his opinion 
to be roused to their duties, not deprived of their privil^es. He there- 



fore did not sympathise with the truly revolntionary movement, but 
looked for a remedy of admitted evils to the promotion of co-operation, 
and to sound sanitary legislation. . . . He strove above all to direct 
popular aspirations by Christian principles, which alone, he held, could 
produce true liberty and equality." — Leslie Stephen, Dictionary of 
National Biography^ vol. xxxi. 

The Novelist. " No romances, except Thackeray's, have the same glow 
of style in such profusion and variety as Charles Kingsley's — and Thack- 
eray himself was no such poet of natural beauty as Charles Kingsley." — 
Frederic Harrison, Forum, 1895. 

The Poet. * ' ' The Andromeda ' is in every way admirable. It is prob- 
ably the most successful attempt in the language to grapple with the 
technical difficulties of English hexameters. . . . The shorter poems 
have generally a power of stamping themselves upon the memory, due, 
no doubt, to their straightforward, nervous style. They have the cardinal 
merit of vigour which belongs to all genuine utterance of real emotion. 
. . . His ' North-Easter ' ... as ringing and vigorous as could 
be wished. It would not be easy to find a better war-cry for the denoun- 
cer of social wrongs than the ballad of 'The Poacher's Widow. ' And, 
to pass over the two songs by which he is best known, such poems as 
* Poor Lorraine,' — . . or the beautiful lines in the ' Saint's Tragedy,' 
beginning 'Oh, that we two were Maying!', are intense enough in their 
utterance to make us wonder why he fell short of the highest class of 
song- writing. " — Leslie Stephen, Hov/rs in a Library, iii, 44 f. 



rv. John Ruskin. 

"I will strive to raise my own body and soul daily into higher powers 
Of duty and happiness; not in rivalship or contention with others, but for 
the help, delight, honour of others, and for the joy and peace of my own 
life." 

"The faith of man is not intended to give him repose, but to enable 
one to do his work . . . that he should look stoutly into this world, in 
faith that if he does his work thoroughly here, some good to others or 
himself, with which however he is not at present concerned, will come of 
It hereafter." 

—John Ruskin. 

Biographical Details. — John Enskin was born February 8, 1819, 
at 54, Hunter Street, jBrunswick Square, London, only child of John 
James Ruskin, an educated Scotch wine-merchant of London, and Mar- 
garet Cox, his cousin. Ruskin 's childhood was spent partly in London, 
partly in Perth, and after his fourth year at Heme Hill, in a southern 
suburb of London. As a child he travelled about much with his father; 
was trained in his Bible and good literature ; precocious in his applica- 
tion to poetry, mineralogy, drawing. Turner's Rogers's Italy^ given 
him on his thirteenth birthday, marks an epoch in his life. His tour to the 
Rhine in 1833 was one of many tours taken in the company of his parents, 
year after year, both in England and abroad. Private school and tutors; 
was matriculated at Oxford, 1836; took up residence in Christ College, 
January, 1837; won the Newdigate prize for English verse, 1839; took 
his B. A. degree, 1842. Indecision as to his career; the church thought 
of. Abuse of Turner a deciding incident. Blodern Painters, vol. i, writ- 
ten at Heme Hill in the winter of 1842. The following year the family 
removed to 163, Denmark Hill. M. A., Oxford, 1843. In 1845 Ruskin 
went alone to Italy to study art, returning to write Blodern Painters, ii, 
during the winter. He was frequently abroad in after years. Threatened 
for a time with consumption. In 1848 he married, chiefly at his parents 
desire, the Scotch beauty, Euphemia Chalmers Gray, of Perth, for whom 
in 1841 he had written The King of the Golden River. Stones of Venice^ i, 
1850. Poems, collected ed., 1850. Intercourse with Carlyle, Maurice, 
1851 ; defence of the Pre-Raphaelites. Took part in the establishment 
of the Working Men's College, London. 1854 he was divorced from his 
wife, who married the painter Millais. In 1857 he lectured on the Politi- 
cal Economy of Art in Manchester. Modern Painters, v, and Unto This 
Last, 1860. Sesame and Lilies, Manchester lectures, 1864; Grown of 
Wild OKve, Bradford, Camberwell, Woolwich lectures, 1864-65; ifystery 



0/ lAfe (see Semmeand Lilies), a Dublin lecture, 1868. In 1869 he was 
made Slade Professor of Fine Art, Oxford, re-elected 1873, 1876; pub- 
lished many series of lectures on art, architecture, mythology in conse- 
quence. See Mallock's New Republic. In 1871 he began to issue monthly 
letters to workingmen entitled Fors Clavigera. In 1871 he was elected 
Lord Rector of St. Andrew's. The St. George's Company (or Guild) was 
mooted the same year. In 1872 he settled permanently at his Lake 
countiy home of " Brantwood ", Coniston. Ruskin's second attachment, 
which had also an unhappy ending, belongs to the years 1872-75. In 
1875 the St. George's Guild took form; situation near Sheffield; the 
museum first at Walkley, then at Meersbrook Park; Langdale linen 
industry; woollen mill at Laxey, Isle of Man. Ruskin renews his 
Christian belief. First mental attack, 1879. First Ruskin Society estab- 
lished, Manchester. Resigned the Slade professorship, 1879; reappointed, 
1883; resigned, 1884, when Oxford adopted vivisection. Oxford D. C. L,, 
1893. The later years of Ruskin's life at " Brantwood " have been years 
of peaceful retirement, guarded by the devotion of his cousin and adopted 
daughter, Mrs. Severn. *^Datur hora quieti.*^ 

Mj. CoUingwood's summary is effective: "In the 20's, he is the versa- 
tile child; in the 30' s, the wayward young genius; in the 40' s, the 
polemical art-critic; in the 50's, the dictator of taste; in the 60's, the 
heretical economist; in the 70's, the unacademical prof essor ; in theSO's, 
'the Sage of Coniston.'" 

The authoritative biographies of Ruskin are his own Praeterita (incom- 
plete but charming, especially in the picture of his boyhood) and The 
Life and Work of John Buskin, by W. G. Collingwood (London: Methuen 
and Co. ) . Shorter sketches are as follows : John Buskin: a Biographical Out- 
line, by W. G. Collingwood (London: Virtue and Co.) ; John Buskin: His 
Life and Teaching, by J. Marshall Mather, 3rd ed. (London and New 
York : Frederick Warne) . The pleasant personal sketch by Mrs. Ritchie in 
Harper'' s Magazine, March, 1890, should not be passed over, nor, perhaps, 
A. M. Wakefield's Brantwood, Coniston, in Murray^s Magazine, November, 
1890, and the interesting illustrations of Ruskin in the Art Journal, 
xxxiii (1881), pp. 321,353; xxxviii (1886), p. 46; Magazine of Art, xiv, 
pp. 73, 121; McClure's, vol. 2, 315. 

The works of Ruskin are indicated with detail in the Bibliography of 
Buskin (Shepherd), 5th ed. (1834-1881) (London: Elliot Stock); and in 
the elaborate two volumes, A Complete Bibliography of John Buskin, com- 
piled by I. J. Wise and J. P. Smart (London, 1893). His authorized 
publisher is George Allen, Sunnyside, Orpington. The authorized 
American reprints are published by Charles E. Merrill and Co., New 
York. It is, perhaps, too much to expect of human nature to prefer the 
fine expensive English editions, or even Merrill's good issaes, to the 
cheap American reprints. 



Lecture. 

I. Formative Influences. Ruskin's boyhood as revealed in Prxterita; life 
at Heme Hill and its results — industry, interest in good literature, evan- 
gelical Christianity. Ruskin's nature gets some elucidation from 
heredity. Scotch ancestry, father a ■well-to-do wine-merchant of literary 
and artistic tastes, "an entirely honest merchant" ; mother careful, pre- 
cise, evangelical, narrov^; " she established my soul in life." Ruskin as 
a boy learnt the lessons of Obedience, Faith, and Peace. Scotch mood 
and temperament in Ruskin. Early interest in landscape and in art. 
Turner's engravings of Rogers's Italy. Oxford life; the Newdigate prize 
for Salsette and Elephanta. 

II. Tlie Starting Point of Buskin'' s Mission : public depreciation of Turner, 
the "black anger'' of Ruskin — Modem Painters (first vol. published 
in his 24th year, the last in his 41st), a treatise on the principles of 
art — chiefly of landscape painting — and the application of those princi- 
ples in judging the relative merits of old and modern masters. Criticism 
of architecture begun in Seven Lamps of Architecture. This first period 
a " brilliant but immature ' ' exposition of the masters and principles 
of art. 

III. Buskin's Art Criticism has an ethical basis both in Seven Lamps and 
Stones of Venice. Hence the transition from a criticism of art to a criti- 
cism of national and individual life. Change in his religious convictions; 
abandons his early evangelical beliefs; scene in the Waldensian chapel, 
Turin, 1858; a period of doubt and uncertainty ensues ; Ruskin becomes 
"a Christian Catholic in the wide and eternal sense.'' Ruskin's interest 
in political economy — Political Economy of Art, Unto This Last: urges gov- 
ernment and co-operation against anarchy and competition. Ruskin is a 
disciple of Carlyle in his opposition to the tendencies of modern life — 
Crown of Wild Olive. His practical scheme in the St. George's Society 
or Guild. Its present condition. Political teachings in Fors Clavigera. 

TV. Criticism of Individual Life, Influence of Scott and Carlyle. 
Sesame and Lilies. The sacredness of life; its opportunities. The 
mechanical spirit means death to the individual and to social life. The 
need of feeling, sensation, earnestness, high motive, love; the love of 
duty. Ruskin's gospel of work ; social duty of the individual ; reverence 
of woman ; love of beauty and nature, and God. Practical idealism. 

V. Buskin^ s Confession of Failure, in the Mystery of Life and Its Arts 
and Prxterita. In what has he failed, in what succeeded ? The errors, 
exaggerations, contradictions in his work; its personal, uncritical 
character. Necessity of allowance for the personal factor. He is poet, 
prophet, revealer; an heroic figure, in sincerity, elevation, disinterested- 
ness, self-sacrifice, passion for beauty, for justice. His mission that of 
David against the Philistia of art, manufacture, eoclesiasticism, gig- 



manity. Effect of his work in the strengthening of the social conscience, 
Practical effect in museums, art schools, guilds, factories. Ruskin as 
interpreter of literature and nature. Impassioned ethical teacher. His 
prose style matchless in fluency, power, harmony of language, command 
of illustration and example, irony, beauty; especially is he master over 
the deep well-springs of pathos. 

Illustrations. The illustrations of the lecture include the scenes of 
Euskin's boyhood, Heme Hill, Denmark Hill, Perth; Oxford, Christ 
Church, University Galleries and Ruskin Drawing School, Museum, etc. ; 
drawings of Turner and Ruskin; " Brantwood " and surroundings; por- 
traits of Ruskin and those associated with him. 

Critical studies of Ruskin's work are: W. G. CoUingwood, Life and 
Work of John Buskin (London: Methuen and Co., 2 vols.) ; J. Marshall 
Mather, John Buskin: His Life and Teaching, (London and New York: 
Frederick Warne, 3d ed.). An important volume is Studies in Buskin, by 
Ed. T. Cook (Orpington: George Allen). His economic work is specially 
treated by J. A. Hobson, John Buskin, Social Beformer (London: James 
Nisbet) ; his art teachings by William "White, Tlie Principles of Art (Orp- 
ington: George Allen). The following essays are valuable: J. M. Robert- 
son, Modern Humanists, ch. v (London: Swan Sonnenschein). Ruskin as 
an art critic is the subject of an unfavorable article in the Century, Jan- 
uary, 1888, by W. J. Stillman; he is discussed as a master of prose in 
the Nineteenth Century by Frederic Harrison, 38, p. 561. See Poole's 
Index for further guidance. 

Student Work. 

Beadings. Ruskin can be approached to best advantage by means of 
his ** Prasterita, of which all the early chapters should be read for the key 
they afford to his mind and sympathies. After this ^* Sesame and Lilies 
should be studied and briefly summarized; it contains much of Ruskin's 
best teaching in education and ethics. *^ Unto This Last should be simi- 
larly read for his views of political economy. Of his writings on art and 
architecture the ** Seven Lamps or ^* Modern Painters, v, Pt. vii, ' ' Of 
Cloud Beauty," may be taken as illustrations. 

For editions see above. 

Students reading for the University Extension examination will find 
the questions confined to the above plan of work. 

Hssays and Studies. The working out of some line of thought is advis- 
able, if possible in the form of a paper for the lecturer, from among the 
following: (1) Ruskin's personal character. (2) Biographic sketches, as 
Ruskin at Heme Hill or '' Brantwood ". (3) J. M. W. Turner and his 
vindication by Ruskin. (4) The Guild of St. George; its aims and 
results. (5) Ruskin's principles of art (see 2/aw7so/i^<^so?e). (6) Ruskin 



as an economist. (7) Ruskin's views ou books and reading (Sesame). (8) 
Ruskin's views on the education and place of women (chiefly based ou 
Lilies). (9) Fors Clavigera ; its meaning, duration, object, style. (10) 
Points of agreement in the teaching of Carlyle and Ruskin. (11 ) Ruskin's 
poetry. (12) Ruskin's prose style. (13) Ruskin as a preacher of the 
higher life. 

Ceitical Comments. 

Genei-al Impression. "Eh! he's a grand chap, is Maisther Rooskin." 
— Cumberland peasants' comment, Collingwood, Life^ ii, 227. 

** One of the greatest men of the age." — Tolstoi. 

Leading Trait. " If I may record the impressions of one who has known 
Mr. Ruskin somewhat intimately, I should say that the leading trait in 
his character is a peculiar love of justice, of poetical justice, the tradi- 
tional equity of Haroun al-Raschid, of Trajan, of David. Ruskin's 
defence of Turner against the journalists, of the Pre-Raphaelite Brother- 
hood against the academicians, of Forbes against the physicists, of all 
unacknowledged claims, of neglected genius, of unrecognized truth, of 
nnreverenced faith — all this springs not so much out of care for them, but, 
down at the heart of him, from a vital passion for justice, in which com- 
monplace discretion, Avorldly wisdom, and all makeshift averages, 
reticences, civilities, animosities of ordinary human intercourse are swal- 
lowed up in the outrush of a geyser." — W. G. Collingwood, John Buskin, 
p. 30. 

Art Teaching. "His art-criticism is radically and irretrievably 
wrong." — W. J. Stillman, Century, January, 1888. 

*' It is not too much to say that he like Winckelmann has given the 
mind a new organ for the appreciation of beauty." — Bosanquet, History 
of JEsthetics, p. 448. 

As Social Reformer. *' ' Honest production, just distribution, wise con- 
sumption ' , these words summarize the reforms the necessity of which he 
strove to enforce. ... To clarify the vision, elevate the aim, and so 
to dignify the ends of conduct, are the persistent endeavours of John Rus- 
kin's teaching." — J. A. Hobson, John Buskin: Social Beformer, p. 310, 
p. 320. 

Message to the Nation. "We have seen a man in whom the highest 
gifts of refinement and of genius reside, who yet has not grudged to give 
his best to others; who has made it his main effort — by gifts, by teaching, 
by sympathies — to spread among the artisans of villages and the labourers 
of our English fields the power of drawing a full measure of instruction 
and happiness from this wonderful world. . . . Among all his les- 
sons . . . none can have sunk deeper than the last: that the highest 
wisdom and the highest treasure need not be costly or exclusive; that the 
neatness of a nation must be measured, not alone by its wealth and 



apparent power, but by the degree in which its people have learned 
together, in the great world of books, of art, and of nature, pure and en- 
nobling joys." — Prince Leopold, Speech in behalf of the London Society 
for the Extension of University Teaching, February 19, 1879. 

As a blaster of Style. " He stands forth now, alone and inimitable, as 
a supreme master of our English tongue. . . . Every other faculty of 
a great master of speech, except reserve, husbanding of resources, and 
patience, he possesses in measure most abundant — lucidity, purity, 
brilliance, elasticity, wit, fire, passion, imagination, majesty, with a 
mastery over all the melody of cadence that has no rival in the whole 
range of English literature." — Frederic Harrison, XIX. Century y 
vol. 38 (1895). 



V. Matthew Arnold. 

" O world, as God has made it ! All is beauty 
And knowing this is love, and love is duty." 

" Still nursing the unconquerable hope, 
Still clutching the inviolable shade." 

" Souls temper'd with fire, 
Fervent, heroic, and good. 
Helpers and friends of mankind." 

—Matthew Arnold. 

BiOGEAPHlCAL DETAILS. — Matthew Arnold was born December 24, 
1822, at Laleham, on the Thames, Surrey. He was the eldest son of Dr. 
Thomas Arnold, then curate of Laleham, afterward (1836-1842) headmaster 
of Rugby School. At the age of fourteen Arnold went for a year to Win- 
chester, then for four years (1837-1841) to Rugby, where he won the 
school prize for poetry by his Alaric at Rome, a school exhibition, and a 
scholarship in Balliol. He was matriculated November 28, 1840, enter- 
ing Balliol College. In Oxford he won the Newdigate prize for poetry by 
Cromivell, 1840, took his B. A. (second class in the Classical Schools) 1844, 
and was elected fellow of Oriel College, 1845. He did not remain in 
Oxford, much as he loved it ; but left to teach in Rugby School. After a 
few months he became, in 1847, private secretary to Lord Lansdowne, 
President of the Council, who four years later appointed him one of H. M. 
lay inspectors of schools, an office to which he devoted his practical life 
until his retirement in 1886. The year of his appointment he married 
Frances Wightman. His life as inspector was as nomadic as an Exten- 
sion lecturer's, for his duty at first included the non-Anglican primary 
schools of about one-third of England. Later on his work was confined 
to Westminster, and he was able to make his home at Cobham until his 
death, April 22, 1888. In addition to his routine oflScial duties, Arnold 
was several times on the Continent studying and reporting on education. 
In 1857-1867 he lectured as professor of poetry in Oxford, which 
honoured one of its greatest sons as D. C. L. in 1870. In 1883 and 1886 
he lectured in America. Arnold's published works as an education 
officer are : A French Eton, 1864 ; Schools and Universities on the Continent, 
1868 ; Higher Schools and Universities in Germany y 1874 ; Elementary Edu- 
cation Abroad, 1888 ; Reports on Elementary Schools, 1889. 

His literary career divides itself into two periods : the first, the poetic 
one (1849-1869), marked by TJie Strayed Reveller and Other Poems, 1849 ; 
Empedocles on Etna and Other Poems, 1852 ; Poems, a new edition of the 



preceding with changes, 1853; Poems (2d series), 1855; New Poems, 
1867; Poems, collected edition 1869. The second, the prose period, may 
be dated from the publication of On Translating Homer, 1861. It divides 
itself into two parts, one dealing with politics and religion, treated from 
the point of view of culture, and embracing Culture and Anarchy, 1869 ; 
St. Paul and Protestantism, 1870 ; Friendship'' s Garland, Literature and 
Dogma, 1873 ; God and the Bible, 1875 ; Last Essays on Church and Religion, 
1877 ; Irish Essays, 1882 ; Civilization in the United States, 1888. The 
second part is Arnold's true sphere — literary criticism : Essays in Criti- 
cism, 1865 ; 3Iixed Essays (in part), 1879 ; Discourses in America, Essays 
in Criticism, 2d series, 1888. 

Biographical material of Arnold's life is very scanty. His Letters, 
edited by G. W. E. Russell, are the chief source. His life as H. M. 
inspector of schools is best treated by Sir Joshua Fitch, in Thomas and 
3Iatthew Arnold (" Great Educators '' series). The best general treatment 
of his life and work is G. Saintsbury's llattheio Arnold ( "Modern English 
"Writers" series), (Blackwood). Mrs. Florence Earle Coates gave an 
admirable appreciation of Arnold in the Century, vol. 47, p. 937. 

A most excellent Bibliography is that of T. B. Smart (London : Davy 
and Sons). 

His prose works are all published by Macmillan in an edition of many 
volumes. The ' ' Colonial ' ' edition of ** Essays in Criticism, both series, is 
the cheapest reprint. His **poems are in a one-volume edition (Mac- 
millan, $1.75) ; selections in " Golden Treasury '' series, and in Stead's 
' 'Penny Poets,'' Nos. 26 (which contains an excellent introduction) and 47. 

Lecture. 

I. Formative Influences. The character and powers of Dr. Thomas 
Arnold can be traced in his greater son : scholarship, liberalism, piety, 
earnestness, social helpfulness. Classical education at Rugby and 
Oxford ; classical literature an ever-present factor in his life. The spirit 
of Oxford and of the neighbourhood, of Wordsworth and the Lake Country. 
French blood and French culture: Senancour's Obermann and Sainte-Beuve 
( " one of my chief benefactors "). Popular impressions of Arnold. His 
essential disposition : ' ' pre-eminently a good man ; gentle, generous, 
enduring, laborious ; a devoted husband, a most tender father, an unfail- 
ing friend." To his countrymen, "David, the son of Goliath. " 

II. As an Officer of Public Instruction. A painstaking and faithful 
worker throughout life. His view of education, it must mean culture or 
be naught. Literature — especially the literature of the Bible — good 
poetry — that is ** formative ". Schools must not be sectarian or class 
schools. Good secondary schools are the great need of England. Modem 
trend of education in England. ** When English statesmen rouse them- 



selves to a perception of the need of a coherent and well-ordered systenE 
of secondary schools, in which due regard shall be had not only to the 
claims of active life but to the higher claims of the iimer life for expansion 
and for purification, the result will be largely owing to the stimulus 
which his writings afforded and to the high and generous conception he 
had formed of the ends which ought to be attained in a liberal educa- 
tion" (Fitch). 

III. As Poet. "Poetry . . . a criticism of life." His prevailing 
note, " the sense of tears in mortal things " ; peace, and not joy, is the 
gift of life to man; not a sluggish content, but 'Hoil unsevered from 
tranquillity ' ' ; peace, born of strength, self-dependence, and the example 
and memory of the wise and great of this world; due in part, too, to " a 
beloved hand " and '^a loved voice " ; due in part as well to nature — *' bird- 
haunted English lawns ", quiet rivers, and the silent stars. In execution 
Arnold has the artistic reserve, lucidity, polish of the classics. Among 
English poets Gray is the nearest parallel. His own view : "I have less 
poetical sentiment than Tennyson and less intellectual vigour and 
abundance than Browning. ... I have perhaps more of a fusion of 
the two than either of them." Best work: The Forsaken 3Ierman, 
Scholar-Gypsy y Thyrsis, all elegiac in tone. 

IV. As Critic of Literature. The two natures in Arnold: *' The shy, 
refined elder brother (the poet) . . . the happier younger brother 
(the critic)." (Dowden. ) Arnold's professorship of poetry in Oxford, 
the immediate cause of his Essays in Criticism, first series, and his Study 
nf Celtic Literature. The Function of Criticism. The character of French 
criticism in Taine and Sainte-Beuve. Arnold, "the English Sainte- 
Beuve.'' Differences between Arnold's method and that of the earlier 
English critics: its personal basis, sympathy, grace, lightness — the 
causerie of Saint-Beuve anglicized. The canon of criticism, ' ^ the best 
that has been thought and said in the world." Illustrations of his fine 
critical insight ; also of his limitations. 

V. As Critic of Life. Arnold's views of his countrymen: "Barbarians, 
Philistines, and Populace. " His mission was essentially for the second, 
ihe middle class. The Philistine as Heine saw him. The British Philis- 
"iine to Arnold's eyes: his view of life and religion. Arnold's epistle of 
tulture to the Philistines, ' ' Sweetness and Light ' ' (in Culture and Anarchy); 
his attack on Philistia's religious ideas: >S'^. Paul and Protestantism. Arnold's 
via media of religion in Literature and Dogma, etc. Religion as morality 
touched with emotion he held indestructible, but religion attached to 
supposed facts was ever insecure ; in poetry, on the other hand, the idea is 
everything, emotion is attached to the idea; in poetry there is for the 
world permanent strength and an ever surer stay. A master of English 
prose. Mannerisms, catchwords, wearisome iterations mar some essays; 



but his usual lucidity, grace, lightness, humour match his prose with that 
of his master Sainte-Beuve. His poetry is his abiding work — by which 
he is second in the era perhaps only to Tennyson and Browning. His 
poetic temperament is the key to his beliefs and view of life. 

Illustrations. The illustrations to this lecture comprise the scenes of 
Arnold's life at Laleham, the valley of the Thames, Winchester, Kugby, 
Oxford and its^ neighbourhood, Fox Howe and the Lake Country, Govern- 
ment offices, London, together with portraits of Arnold and his circle. 

Critical Studies. The following are among the best general articles: 
Andrew Lang, Century Magazine^ vol. 3 (1882); E. P. Whipple, North 
American Review, vol. 138 (1884); E. Dowden, Transcripts and Studies; ¥\, 
W. H. Myers, Fortnightly Beview, vol. 43 (1888) ; H. D. Trail, Contemporary 
Review, vol. 53 (1888); A. Birrell, Scrihner^s Magazine, vol. 4 (1888); 
J. Jacobs, George Eliot, etc. ; A. Galton, Two Essays on llatthew Arnold; 
J. INI. Eobertson, 3Iodern Humanists. His poetry is discussed by A. C. 
Swinburne, Fortnightly Review, vol. 2 (1867), (reprinted in his Essays and 
Studies), XIX. Century, vol. 15 (1884) (reprinted in 3Iiscellanies) ; Alfred 
Austin, Poetry of the Period; H. B. Forman, Our Living Poets; R. H. 
Hutton, Literary Essays; H. G. Hewlett, Contemporary Review, vol. 24 
(1874) ; E. C. Stedman, Victorian Poeis; G. S. Merriam, Scinbner's 3fonthly, 
vol. 18 (1879); H. Walker, Greater Victorian Poets; W. H. Hudson, 
Studies in Interpretation. For a detailed list of criticisms and reviews see 
Smart's Bibliography of Ilattheio Arnold, 1892. For articles subsequent 
to its publication see Poole's Index of Periodical Literature. 

Student Wokk. 

Representative readings of Arnold are (1) of his poems, TJie Forsaken 
Merman, TJie Scholar- Gypsy , Tliyrsis, Dover Beach; (2) of his "apostolic" 
writings, Sweetness and Light (in Culture and Anarchy), Numbers and Liter- 
ature and Science (in Discourses in America); (3) of his critical writings, 
Wordstvorih and Shelley (in Essays in Criticism, 2d series) and Emerson (in 
Discourses in America). 

Candidates for the University Extension examination will be expected 
to have prepared any two of the groups above. 

Essays and Studies. (1) A study of Thyrsis, its theme, form, treatment, 
and relation to Arnold's own life. (2) Aspects of nature in Arnold's 
verse. (3) Explain Arnold's judgment of his poetry, expressed about 
1869: " My poems represent, on the whole, the main movement of mind 
in the last quarter of the century.'' (4) Arnold's British Philistine: an 
exposition and a criticism. (5) The claims of Poetry as a means of cul- 
ture. (6) Arnold's criticisms of the United States (cf Dickens's). (7) 
Report briefly Equality (in 3Iixed Essays). 



Ceitical Comments. 

His Life. "The world . . . did not understand his serious side — 
hard work, independence, and the most loving and careful fulfillment of 
all the duties of life." — Benjamin Jowett, Life, ii., 338. * 

** He preserved from chance control 
The fortress of his 'stablisht soul ; 
In all things sought to see the Whole; 

Brooked no disguise; 
And set his heart upon the goal, 
Not on the prize. ' ' 

— William Watson, In Laleham Churchyard. 

"The future historian of literature who seeks a key to the moral con- 
dition of the England of our time, to its intellectual unrest, and to its 
spiritual aims and tendencies, will find it here [in his poems]."— Sir 
Joshua Fitch, Thomas and Matthew Arnold, p. 261. 

As Poet. * ' He has a power of vision as great as Tennyson's, though 
its magic depends less on the rich tints of association, and more on the 
liquid colours of pure natural beauty ; a power of criticism and selection 
as fastidious as Gray's with infinitely more creative genius; a power of 
meditative reflection which, though it never mounts to Wordsworth's 
higher levels of genuine rapture, never sinks to his wastes and flats of 
commonplace. Arnold is a great elegiac poet, . . . And though I 
cannot call him a dramatic poet, . . . he shows . . . great pre- 
cision in the delineation of character." — R. H. Hutton, Contemporary 
Review, vol. 49 {Essays on Some of the Modern Guides of Thought, p. 130). 

As Critic. In introducing the methods of Sainte-Beuve into England, 
he transferred the interest in criticism from the hooks to the man. What 
he did in criticism was to introduce the causerie, and with it the personal 
element. . . . The critic . . . professes to give no more than 
the manner in which a new work strikes his individuality. . -» . His 
criticism of books. . . . was a criticism of life , and her© his work 
touched the deepest problems of his tiuie." — J. Jacobs, George Eliot, 
etc., p. 80. 



IV^. Rudyard Kipling. 

" The depth and dream of my desire, 

The bitter paths wherein I stray 
Thou knowest, who hast made the Fire, 

Thou knowest, who hast made the Clay ! 

One stone the more swings to her place 

In that dread Temple of Thy Worth- 
It is enough that through Thy grace 

I saw naught common on Thy earth. 

Take not that vision from my ken; 

Oh whatsoe'er may spoil or speed, 
Help me to need no aid from men 

That I may help such men as need." 

—Rudyard Kipling, from V Envoi to " Life's Handicap.'* 

BiOGEAPHiCAL DETAILS. — Eudyard Kipling was born December 30, 
i865, in Bombay, India, son of John Lockwood Kipling, architectural 
sculptor, Bombay School of Art (1865-1875), principal of the Mayo 
School of Art and curator of the Central Museum, Lahore (1875-1893). 
His mother was one of three daughters of the Rev. George Browne 
Macdonald, her sisters marrying Sir Edward Poynter and Sir Edward 
Burne-Jones. At the age of five he came to England, first to Southsea, 
then to the United Services College, Westward Ho!, Devon. His literary 
career began at school as editor of the school paper, as a contributor to a 
local newspaper, and as author of a book of verse Schoolboy Lyrics. At 
the age of sixteen he was again at home in India, as subeditor of the 
Lahore Civil and Military Gazette. At eighteen he published a volume of 
parodies, Echoes. In the Lahore Gazette and in the Pioneer of Allahabad, 
of which he was special correspondent, Mr. Kipling first printed the 
poems and tales issued as Departmental Ditties, 1886, and Plain Tales from 
the HillSj 1888. Before this he had joined with his father, mother, and 
sister in The Quartette, 1885, to which he contributed The Strange Bide of 
Morrowbie Jukes. His star really rose in 1889 by the publication in the 
"Indian Eailway Library" (in paper covers, price 1 rupee, A. H. 
Wheeler, Allahabad) of six books of Indian sketches: (1) Soldiers Three, 
(2) The Story of the Gadsbys, (3) Li Black and White, (4) Under the 
Deodars, (5) The Phantom Bickshaw, etc., (6) Wee Willie Winkie, etc. 
The success of these stories gave Mr. Kipling a name in the world. 
The same year he set off to visit China, Japan, America and published his 
impressions in the Detroit Free Press. Arrived in England he published 
I%e Becord of Badalia Herodsfoot. In 1890 Letters of Marque, The City of 



Dreadful Night (No. 14, "Indian Railway Library"), and, in America, Mine 
Own People., were published. In 1891 Lippincott's Magazine did itself 
honour in issuing The Light That Failed. Lifers Handicap appeared the 
same year. He returned to England in 1891. January ]8, 1892, he 
married Carolyn Starr Balestier, sister of Wolcott Balestier, his coUabora- 
teur in The Naulahka, 1892. After a new journey round the world, dur- 
ing which Barrack-room Ballads was issued, Mr. Kipling settled near 
Brattleboro', Vermont. He published 3Iany Inventions; in 1893 returned 
to England, he issued in 1894 TJie Jungle Book; in 1895 The Second Jungle 
Book; ia 1896, The Seven Seas; in 1897, 'Captains Courageous.' Early in 
1898 he made a visit to Cape Colony ; in the autumn was aboard a ma^i- 
of-war, viewing the manoeuvres off the Irish coast, publishing his notes 
in The Fleet in Being. In the winter he settled in Eottingdean, near 
Brighton. The Day's Work was published in 1898. In February, 1899, 
he sailed to America, whence, after an almost mortal illness, he returned 
in June to England, to Eottingdean, Sussex. 

Material for the story of Mr. Kipling's life is afforded by his own 3Iy 
First Booky McClure's, vol. 3 {Idler, vol. 2, and 3Iy First Book, ed. J. J. 
Jerome, London: Chatto and Windus) ; E. Kay Robinson, 3IcClure's, 
vol. 7; G. F. Monkshood (W. J. Clarke), Eudyard Kipling: An Attempt 
at Appreciation — an unsuccessful one. (London: Greening & Co., 1899.) 
W. M. Clemens, A Ken of Kipling (New York: New Amsterdam Book Co. ). 

Mr. Kipling's works are published in divers manners and sundry 
places : in England chiefly by Macmillan and Heinemann, in America by 
the following authorized houses : Macmillan, Lippincott, The Century 
Co., Scribners, Doubleday and McClure. The last-named firm has begun 
the publication of a definitive edition for America. 

Lecture. 

I. Formative Influences. The English in India, the conditions of 
government of 300 millions by 75,000 and a civil service. Climatic, 
geographical, and dynastic conditions. The nature of service in the army 
and civil government. Anglo-Indian domestic life; Simla. England's 
Interest in the East. The new feeling for the Empire. The opportunity 
called forth the man. Mr. Kipling's birth in Bombay. His wit, caustic 
humour, powers of observation in part inherited. School life in England 
gave an understanding of "home " and familiarity with English boy life 
and English landscape. Its early close. Kipling is non-academic; some 
say non-literary; Mr. Froude says uneducated. His " fire-baptism " in 
India as subeditor, special correspondent, intimate of soldier, civilian, 
native, observer of all things living and picturesque. His pre-eminent 
gifts: first, a power to see significant things — in the barracks, in the 
office, in the bazaar, in the jungle — to see them clearly, sharply, and in 



relation to life. Second, the power to feel deeply the joy, the passion, 
the bitterness of life, in a country ^vhere all things are intensified, to feel 
the li^ing spirit in diverse and unexpected forms and places — in the 
native, the blackguard, the adventurer, the private soldier, the Anglo- 
Indian child, the government clerk, even the beasts of the jungle. Third, 
the imagination to hold together the miiterial offered and present it in 
new and interesting forms. Fourth, a power of expression, curt, pungent, 
direct, forcible — and, to make all these tell, untiring industry and, in 
general, a high ambition to do his work in the sight of the Master 
Workman. The faults of his qualities — a certain hardness, glare, a touch of 
coarseness, cynicism. 

II. Besultants — a fresh vision, a fresh method, and, perhaps, a new era 
of literature. Mr. Kipling works on the borderland of the ruling and ad- 
ministrative classes, in abnormal conditions, and the massed millions of 
" raw brown naked humanity ". Life in India emphasizes the simpler, 
more primitive aspects, motives, and actions of life. Vices and virtues 
become at once less subtle and more intense. Strength, courage, daring, 
endurance are exalted; "the shiny toy-scum stuff people call civilization " 
is despised ; the conventions, refinements, restraints of social life suffer. 
Woman suffers, as well , with the relaxation of social bonds. Creeds and 
systems of thought are of no account. The individual man's life stands 
out, in its primal relations to work, love, and duty, against the back- 
ground of ''brown humanity ", and the mysterious jungle or far-off 
mountain land. Mr. Kipling views the facts of life in India as he found 
them, views them steadily, relentlessly, * ' drawing the Thing as he sees it 
for the God of things as they are. " 

III. What his vision and method have given us. (i. ) The Native, especially 
in relation to the British — "Lispeth", ""Without Benefit of Clergy", 
"On the City Wall ", " Beyond the Pale ", " The Gate of the Hundred 
Sorrows ", "The Story of Muhammad Din ". (ii.) The Jungle — the two 
Jungle Books, (iii.) The Civil Service — " Thrown Away " , " Wressley of 
the Foreign Office '', "At the End of the Passage ". (iv. ) Social Life in 
India—" Three and an Extra " , "At the Pit's Mouth " , " The Story of the 
Gadsbys". (v.) The Private Soldier in India — Mulvaney, Ortheris, Lea- 
royd, "The Taking of Lungtungpen ", "The Courting of Dinah Shadd ", 
<'With the Main Guard", "OnGreenhow Hill", "The Big Drunk 
Draf ' " , "The Man Who Was " , " Drums of Fore and Aft " . Drinking, 
love-making, fighting, with the kernel of manhood in the soldier and an 
undertone of pathos, (vi. ) The adventurer — "The Iilan Who Would be 
King". Application of the point of view and method elsewhere: 7%c 
Light That Failed^ ' Chptains Courageous \ A new vein in "William the 
Conqueror " and " The Brushwood Boy ". 

rv. 3fr. Kipling's verse deals largely toith similar material and in a similar 



s^rit and method. We find especially the glorification of Thomas Atkins 
in multiform aspects — his courage, his cowardice, his laconic grim humour 
— and with him the Indian servant and Soudanese warrior, and, later, 
the British sailor. The style is apt and effective — "trampling '', con- 
densed ; strong rhythm as of the bugle, but no harmonies, little beauty, 
much that is grotesque and incongruous. A strong personal note 
throughout, all things being rendered through personality, as the dere- 
lict vessel, the deep-sea cable, the lighthouse. Also a patriotic note, 
having a larger theme than "Mttle England" — the imperial note here 
first heard in English poetry. Of still wider sweep are the poems which 
voice the spirit of the East, of travel, of work and duty and devotion to 
the artist's highest aspirations in the sight of the Master. Strenuous, 
high-thoughted verse, promising greater achievement. 

Limitations of work thus far: in knowledge of life, in drawing of char- 
acter, in finish and expression. With Mr. Kipling literature undergoes 
distinct modifications, and in some respects he brings the Victorian era 
to a close and offers a prospect into the future. 

The Illustrations. The slides are illustrations of Indian life and scenes ; 
MSS., homes, and portraits of Mr. Kipling. 

The chief essays on Mr. Kipling's work are: Francis Adams, *' Rudyard 
Kipling", Fortnightly Review, vol. 56 (1891); and "Mr. Eudyard Kip- 
ling's Verse", ih., vol. 60 (1893) (both admirable); Edmund Gosse, 
"Eudyard Kipling", The Century, vol. 20 (1891); J. M. Barrie, "Mr. 
Kipling's Stories", The Contemporary Review, vol. 59 (1891); W. H. 
Bishop, "Mr. Kipling's Work, So Far", Forum, vol. 19 (1895); M. 
Schuyler, " Eudyard Kipling as a Poet", Forum, vol. 22 (1896); W. D. 
Howells, McClure's, vol. 8 (1897); C. E. Norton, "The Poetry of Eud- 
yard Kipling", Atlantic Monthly, vol. 79 (1897). 

Student Woek. 

1. The following stories are representative: (a) "The Big Drunk 
Draf", "The Madness of Private Ortheris", "On Greenhow Hill", 
' ' With the Main Guard " , " The Taking of Lungtungpen ", " The Court- 
ing of Dinah Shadd ", " Drums of the Fore and Aft " ; (&) " Lispeth ", 
" Beyond the Pale ", " Without Benefit of Clergy ", " On the City Wall ", 
" At the Pit's Mouth ", " The Man who Would be King ", "The Gate of 
the Hundred Sorrows" ; (c) The Brushwood Boy ".2. The first ** Jungle 
Book. 3. Tlie Light that Failed. 4. ^^ Captains Courageous '\ 5. ^^Barra^ik- 
Boom Ballads: " Danny Deever '', " Tommy ", " Fuzzy-Wuzzy ", "Gunga 
Din", "Mandalay", " Gentlemen-Eankers ", "Ballad of East and 
West ", " Ballad of the Bolivar ", " The English Flag", "L'Envoi " to 
Life's Handicap. Seven Seas: "The Last Chantey ", " Mc Andrew's 
Hymn ", " The Native Born ", " For to Admire ", " L'Envoi". 



students preparing for the University Extension examluadon are 
required to take 1 and any one of 2, 3, 4, or 5. 

Essaps ayid Studies. 1. Native life in India, depicted in (a) the Tales, 
(&) the Verse. 2. The Civil Service in Mr. Kipling's stories. 3. A Study 
of Terence Mulvaney. 4. Portrayals of women: Mrs. Hauksbee, Maisie, 
" William the Conqueror ". 5. Thomas Atkins, in Barrack-Room Ballads. 
6. A study of Tlie Song of the English . 7. The vein of idealism in Mr. 
Kipling's verse. 8. Mr. Kipling's command of the picturesque epithet. 
9. His descriptive power as to {a) nature, (&) city life, (c) action. 

Critical Comments. 

Point of View. " He Is an artist, not a student; and his eyes, not his 
books, must serve him for windows into life." — Quarterly Review, vol. 
175, p. 146. 

CJiaracteristics. '* Smartness and superficiality, jingoism and aggressive 
cock-sureness, rococo fictional types and overloaded pseudo-prose, how 
much too much have these helped to make the name of our young Anglo- 
Indian story-teller familiar to the readers of the English-speaking race all 
over the earth." — Francis Adams, Fortnightly Review, vol. 56, p. 699. 

Style. ' ' He is to Mr. Stevenson as phonetic spelling is to pure Eng- 
lish. . . . His style is the perfection of what is called journalese. . . 
His chief defect is ignorance of life." — J. M. Barrie, Contemporary Review, 
vol. 59, pp. 366 ff. 

" No one can claim for Mr. Kipling the possession of a real prose style, 
or indeed of anything approaching to it. He cannot even, at least in 
this respect, for a moment be placed beside his French contemporaries 
and fellow-storytellers — Maupassant and Bourget, let alone the great 
names of French and English prose. . . . Neither has he that sheer and 
simple sincerity of outlook, that patient and relentless realism which 
. . . lifts the best work of Zola so high. . . . He has the gift, both 
of the happy simile and of the happy phrase. . . He is almost as keen a 
connoisseur of scents and smells as M. Guy de Maupassant. . . . Ad- 
mirable, indeed, are those little descriptive cameos, which he strews 
broadcast. ' ' — Francis Adams, Fortnightly Review, vol. 56, p. 698. 

His Work. ' ' He has revealed to us, if partially and askew, still with 
singular power and vividness, what Anglo-India meant — what the life of 
the Anglo-Indian ci%dl servant and soldier meant, and he has lifted the 
short story, as an expression of thought and emotion, a whole plane 
higher than he found it." — Francis Adams, Fortnightly Review, vol. 60, 
p. 596. 

As Poet. " It [verse of first two vols.] is mostly tours de force, excel- 
lently brilliant, delightfully clever, ' monstrously taking ', but it does not 
weax." 



** A hundred years hence some appreciative and enquiring person may 
be searching in the British Museum for any other work done by the man 
who wrote 'Mandalay'." — Francis Adams, Fortnightly Review, vol. 60, 
p. 603. 

** The dominant tone of his verse is indeed the patriotic; and it is the 
tone of the new patriotism, that of imperial England, which holds as one 
all parts of her wide-stretched empire, and binds them close in the indis- 
soluble bond of common motherhood. . . . The full scale .... is 
that of actual life seen by the imagination intensely and comprehen- 
sively, and seen by it always, in all conditions and under all forms, as a 

moral experience The gift of imagination, with which as a 

quality Mr. Kipling is endowed as few men have ever been, has quick- 
ened and deepened his sympathies with men of every class and race, and 
given him full entrance to their hearts. 

"The sea has touched Mr. Kipling's imagination with its magic and 
its mystery, and never are his sympathies keener than with men who go 
down upon it, and with the vast relations of human life to the waters 
that encircle the earth. Here, too, is manifest his love of England, mis- 
tress of the sea. . . . His passion for the sea, the mastery of its terrors, 
the confident but distrustful familiarity with it of the English seaman, 
have never had such expression as Mr. Kipling has given to them. ''— 
Charles Eliot Norton, Atlantic Monthly, vol. 79, pp. 113 ff. 



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VALUABLE GUIDES TO READING AND STUDY. 

The American Society for the Extension of University Teaching has published, in 
connection with its work, over one hundred and fifty syllabi, nearly all of which 
are of real value, independently of the lectures, . for guiding home reading and 
study. They contain suggestive outlines of the lectures, lists of books, and other 
material of interest. The following have been recently issued : 



The Cities of Italy and Their Gift to Civilization. Edward Howard 

Griggs, M. A 10 cents 

English Writers of the Present Era. Frederick H. Sykes, M. A., Ph. D. . 15 cents 

The Divine Comedy of Dante. Edward Howard Griggs, M. A 10 cents 

The Expansion of England. Cecil F. Lavell, M. A 10 cents 

Wagner : The Music Drama. Thomas Whitney Surette 15 cents 

Great Novelists. William Bayard Hale, M. A 10 cents 

Sociology in English Literature. J. W. Martin, B. Sc, 10 cents 

Personal and Social Development. Edward Howard Griggs, M. A. . . ,10 cents 

Types of Womanhood Studied from Autobiography. Edward Howard 

Griggs, M. A 10 cents 

Civics. Frederic W. Speirs, Ph. D 10 cents 

The American Negro. G. R. Glenn, William A. Blair, Walter H. Page, 

Kelly Miller, W. E. B. DuBois, H. B. Frissell 25 cents 

The Awakening of Modern Europe. Cecil F. Lavell, M. A 10 cents 

Burns and Scott. Albert H. Smyth, B. A 10 cents 

Goethe's Faust. Edward Howard Griggs, M. A 20 cents 

Education and Life. Edward Howard Griggs, M. A 10 cents 

Moral Leaders. Edward Howard Griggs, M. A 10 cents 

Modern English Fiction. Frederick H. Sykes, M. A., Ph. D 10 cents 

The Painters of Florence. Edward Howard Griggs, M. A 15 cents 



Any of the above syllabi will be forwarded, postpaid, on receipt of the price. 
Address John Nolen, Secretary, 111 South Fifteenth Street, Philadelphia. 



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